What Are Epithalon and MOTS-c? Longevity Entries
Peptides related to longevity and mitochondria.
Epithalon
Section titled “Epithalon”A pineal tetrapeptide; research related to telomeres and circadian rhythm.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Spec code | EP50 / EP10 (EPI) |
| Specs | 50mg / 10mg |
| Mechanism | Related to telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression and pineal circadian rhythm |
| Scenario | Telomere anti-aging, sleep rhythm, neurasthenia |
Mechanistically overlaps with GHK-Cu and KLOTHO60; read side by side. Related to the problem scenarios in Cellular Aging and Deep Sleep.
MOTS-c
Section titled “MOTS-c”A mitochondrial micropeptide; AMPK and metabolism.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Spec code | MS30 / MS10 (MOTS) |
| Specs | 30mg / 10mg |
| Mechanism | Mitochondrial micropeptide, activates AMPK, promotes skeletal muscle glucose uptake |
| Scenario | Exercise metabolic phenotype, insulin resistance |
Mechanistically overlaps with SS-31 and NM530; read side by side. Related to the problem scenarios in Chronic Fatigue and Insulin Resistance.
A mitochondria-targeted peptide; cardiolipin-related.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Spec code | SS100 / SS50 |
| Specs | 100mg / 50mg |
| Mechanism | Anchors cardiolipin, stabilizing mitochondrial cristae and oxidative phosphorylation |
| Scenario | Mitochondrial ATP efficiency, cardiorenal protection |
Mechanistically overlaps with MOTS-c and Humanin; read side by side.
Humanin
Section titled “Humanin”A mitochondria-related anti-apoptotic peptide.
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Spec code | HN10 / HN5 |
| Specs | 10mg / 5mg |
| Mechanism | Antagonizes Bax, inhibiting ER stress and neuronal apoptosis |
| Scenario | Neuroprotection, vascular endothelium, metabolic homeostasis |
Mechanistically overlaps with SS-31 and FoxO4-DRI; read side by side.
FoxO4-DRI
Section titled “FoxO4-DRI”A peptide in the senescent-cell clearance direction (preclinical).
| Attribute | Value |
|---|---|
| Spec code | FOX10 |
| Specs | 10mg |
| Mechanism | Interferes with FoxO4–p53, inducing apoptosis of senescent cells (preclinical senolytic) |
| Scenario | Senescent-cell clearance, tissue function renewal research |
Mechanistically overlaps with Epithalon and Humanin; read side by side. Related to the problem scenarios in Cellular Aging.
Action Target Comparison
Section titled “Action Target Comparison”| Target | Look at first | Related |
|---|---|---|
| Telomere / rhythm | Epithalon | KLOTHO60 blend |
| Mitochondria / fatigue | MOTS-c, SS-31 | NAD-MOTS blend |
| Nerve / endothelium | Humanin | Pairs with SS-31 |
| Senescent-cell research | FoxO4-DRI | Preclinical; mark research stage |
Related Research (PubMed)
Section titled “Related Research (PubMed)”| Reference | Highlights |
|---|---|
| Gerontology therapeutic peptide review (PMID: 42021992) | Covers epitalon, GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, and more |
| Orthopedic therapeutic peptide review (PMID: 41490200) | Rhythm/mitochondrial modulation by epithalon and others |
Human dose ranges mostly come from regional clinical practice and animal-to-human conversion; public RCTs are limited, and the research stage should be marked when used.
Additional Mitochondrial Peptide References
Section titled “Additional Mitochondrial Peptide References”| Ingredient | Reference | Highlights |
|---|---|---|
| MOTS-c | PMID: 36761202 | Therapeutic potential review |
| MOTS-c | PMID: 33473109 | Exercise induction, aging, and muscle homeostasis |
| MOTS-c | PMID: 27216708 | Muscle and fat metabolism |
| SS-31 / Elamipretide | PMID: 39940712 | Structure, mechanism, and potential review |
| SS-31 | PMID: 32273339 | Membrane binding and mitochondrial surface potential |
Human Studies (Elamipretide / SS-31)
Section titled “Human Studies (Elamipretide / SS-31)”| Reference | Highlights |
|---|---|
| MMPOWER-3 primary mitochondrial myopathy (PMID: 37268435) | Phase III |
| MMPOWER-3 post hoc analysis (PMID: 39574155) | Discussion of the missed primary endpoint |
| First Elamipretide approval (PMID: 41335372) | Regulatory milestone |
| Barth syndrome Phase 2/3 (PMID: 33077895) | RCT + open-label extension |
Dosing protocols should follow the indication trials; MOTS-c and others remain mainly preclinical/early-stage research.
Levels of Anti-Aging Goals
Section titled “Levels of Anti-Aging Goals”“Anti-aging” in the literature refers to at least three layers: cellular functional markers, organ functional markers, and lifespan endpoints. The objects on this page mostly stop at the first layer.
Biomarkers versus Endpoints
Section titled “Biomarkers versus Endpoints”Telomere length, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory markers are biomarkers, not lifespan endpoints; reading marker improvement as “extended lifespan” is a common over-extrapolation. Background on senescent cells and pathways is in Cellular Aging.
Sequencing with Lifestyle Interventions
Section titled “Sequencing with Lifestyle Interventions”Sleep, exercise, protein, and calorie management usually move the same marker set more than any single research peptide; establish lifestyle baselines first, then discuss stacking (sleep rhythm in Deep Sleep, the GH axis and age in Growth Hormone and Aging).
This page is for research and teaching reference only and does not constitute medical advice or dosing guidance; use of the related objects should follow a physician’s guidance.
Related Reading
Section titled “Related Reading”Safety Boundaries and Limitations
Section titled “Safety Boundaries and Limitations”“Anti-aging” endpoints are mostly biomarkers, not lifespan endpoints. Human dose and long-term safety data are limited.
Practical workflow and quality control: before using or comparing an ingredient, see reconstitution, storage, COA, and administration routes; operating standards in Peptide Basics.